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Black people must lead and run their own organizations. Only black people can convey the revolutionary idea - and it is a revolutionary idea - that black people are able to do things themselves. ... Black people must come together and do things for themselves. They must achieve self-identity and self-determination ... The adoption of the concept of Black Power is one of the most legitimate and healthy developments in American politics and race relations in our time. ... It is a call for black people in this country to unite, to recognize their heri- tage, to build a sense of community. It is a call for black people to begin to define their own goals, to lead their own organizations and to support those organizations. It is a call to reject the racist institutions and values of this society. (Kwame Ture, Black Power) Historically, Black people as a group have exhibited a greater potential for resistance than any other part of the population. (Angela Davis, If They Come in the Morning) The call for Black Consciousness is the most positive call to come from any group in the black world for a long time. ... The philosophy of Black Conscious- ness ... expresses group pride and the determination by the blacks to rise and attain the envisaged self. ... Not only have the whites been guilty of being on the offensive but, by some skilful manoeuvres, they have managed to control the responses of the blacks to the provocation. Not only have they kicked the black but they have also told him how to react to the kick. For a long time the black has been listening with patience to the advice he has been receiving on how best to respond to the kick. ... He is now beginning to show signs that it is his right and duty to respond to the kick in the way he sees fit. (Steve Biko, I Write What I Want) No one will undertake to aid us unless they sense the power of our movement. (George Jackson, Blood in My Eye) BLACK PEOPLES' STRUGGLES IN THE OPPRESSOR COUNTRIES The U.S. imperialists are now encountering powerful resistance on the part of broad sectors of people throughout the world. They are also meeting opposi- tion from the people of their own country. ...The black people's revolts touched off by the assassination of Dr. King, one of their leaders, are now sweeping all parts of the United States. (Kim Il Sung) In the history of human society, capitalism is the last exploiting system which tramples upon the masses' aspirations and demand for Chajusong. It is a violently oppressive system which combines class domination with national oppression. (OJI 21) The resolution ... spoke directly against those who held that the Black rebellion was contingent upon the maturing of the revolutionary situation in the country as a whole or that it could only develop at the same pace as the overall class struggle. This assumption, widespread in the Party at the time, reflected an underestimation of the inherently explosive character of the liber- ation struggle in the South. ... The struggle for equality is in and of itself a revolutionary question, because the special oppression of Black people is a main prop of imperialist domination over the entire working class and the masses of exploited American people. ... The slogan of self-determination is a slogan of unity. Its overriding pur- pose was and still is to unite the white and Black exploited masses, working 3

and oppressed people of all nationalities ... This unity could be built only on the basis of the struggle for complete equality, by removing all grounds for sus- picion and distrust and building mutual confidence and voluntary inter-relations between the white masses of the oppressor nation and the Black masses of the oppressed nation. ... What was clear to me was that our thesis of self-determination had correctly elevated the fight for Black rights to a revolutionary position, whereas the proponents of Sik's theories attempted to downgrade the movement, seeing it as a minor aspect of the class struggle. (Harry Haywood, Black Bolshevik) The struggle of the black people in the United States is bound to merge with the American workers' movement, and this will eventually end the criminal rule of the U.S. monopoly capitalist class. (Mao Zedong, 1968) When Africa becomes economically free and politically united, the monopolists will come face to face with their own working class in their own countries, and a new struggle will arise within which the liquidation and collapse of imperialism will be completed. (Kwame Nkrumah) It was then the policy of the Communist Party of Great Britain not to attack the Labour Party. Consistent with this policy, the Connolly Association was in effect urging Irish workers in England to subsidise a party that perpetuated partition. That taught me that organisations which tried to mix two allegiances were useless and dangerous. (Sean MacStiofain, Revolutionary in Ireland) MAN IS A BEING WITH CHAJUSONG The leader gave a new philosophical conception of man by defining Chajusong, creativity and consciousness as the essential features of man, the social being. ... Man is a being with Chajusong, that is, an independent social being. (OJI 10) It is my deep conviction that all peoples wish to be free, and that the desire for freedom is rooted in the soul of every one of us. (Kwame Nkrumah) And what the West has in truth not understood is that today a new humanism, a new theory of man is coming into being, which has its root in man. ... The fact is that the Egyptian fellahs and the Indonesian boys, whom Western writers like to feature in their exotic novels, insist on taking their own destiny into their hands and refuse to play the role of an inert panorama that had been reserved for them. (Frantz Fanon, Towards the African Revolution) To us individuals death means the end of our normal existence, but to all revolutionaries it is their constant companion. Therefore, death does not frighten us revolutionaries. In their everyday struggle for victory in a just cause their mission itself is attended by vicissitudes which entail almost permanently danger to their lives. (Marien Ngouabi) A revolutionary fails only if he surrenders. (Kwame Nkrumah) The ideas which can and will sustain our movement for total freedom and dignity of the people cannot be imprisoned, for they are to be found in the people, all the people, wherever they are. As long as the people live by the ideas of freedom and dignity there will be no prison which can hold our movement down. ... The prison cannot gain a victory over the political prisoner because he has nothing to be rehabilitated from or to. He refuses to accept the legitimacy of the system and refuses to participate.... The idea which motivated and sustained the political prisoner rests in the people, all the prison has is a body. (Angela Davis, If They Come in the Morning) 4

THE MASSES ARE THE MASTERS OF REVOLUTION The masses of the people are the masters of revolution and construction and the decisive factor in transforming nature and developing society. ... It is the masses that want the revolution and construction, and it is also the masses that carry them out. (OJI 15) The revolution is a struggle to meet the masses' desire for independence by enlisting their strength. It is a struggle of the masses to free themselves. (OJI 5) The masses of the people know the reality better than anybody else and have a wealth of experience. Only when the will and demands of the broad masses are integrated in a policy one is working out, can the policy be correct, conform with their aspirations and interests, win their hearty support and inspire them to the struggle. Should one fail to reflect the will of the masses correctly, one would commit a subjective error in guiding the revolution and construction. Then, one would be unable to enlist their creativity. (OJI 55) When all is said and done, it is the so-called little man, the bent-backed, exploited, malnourished, blood-covered fighter for independence who decides. And he invariably decides for freedom. ... The permanency of the masses is the deciding factor, and no power on earth can prevent its ultimate decisive effect on the revolutionary struggle. ... Let us remember always that in the final analysis the masses are the final arbiter. They will always choose freedom and justice, as against oppression and corruption. ... There is one power which no force of arms can overcome, and that power is the enthusiasm and determination of a whole people. (Kwame Nkrumah) NATIONAL INDEPENDENCE In order to become the master of its own destiny, a nation must have an independent government and firmly guarantee political independence. (Kim Il Sung) The FLN does not aim at achieving a decolonization of Algeria or a relaxation of the oppressive structure. What the FLN demands is the independence of Algeria. An independence which will allow the Algerian people to take its destiny wholly in hand. This objective, this strategy, commands our tactics, our method, and informs the very nature of our struggle. ... The independence of Algeria is not only the end of colonialism, but the dis- appearance, in this part of the world, of a gangrene germ and of a source of epidemic. The liberation of the Algerian national territory is a defeat for racism and for the exploitation of man; it inaugurates the unconditional reign of Justice. (Frantz Fanon, Towards the African Revolution) It is far better to be free to govern, or misgovern yourself than to be governed by anybody else. ... Africa is not an extension of Europe, and never will be. ... It is only in conditions of total freedom and independence from foreign rule and interference that the aspirations of our people will see real fulfilment and the African genius find its best expression. ... 5

We have for too long been the victims of foreign domination. For too long we have had no say in the management of our own affairs or in deciding our own destinies. Now times have changed, and today we are the masters of our own fate. ... Freedom is not a commodity which is "given" to the enslaved upon demand. It is a precious reward, the shining trophy of struggle and sacrifice. ... Independence must be free and unfettered, for freedom of action on the part of a sovereign nation is essential. ... Neo-colonialism ... acts covertly, manoeuvring men and governments, free of the stigma attached to political rule. It creates client states, independent in name but in point of fact pawns of the very colonial power which is supposed to have given them independence. (Kwame Nkrumah) No nation has the right to make decisions for another nation; no people for another people. ... For the truth is that it is what a people want for themselves at a particular time which is right for them; no one else is justified in trying to impose a different way of life. ... For the nation self-reliance will come if the individuals and the different communities are self-reliant, and if the citizens altogether recognize that their way forward must be determined by their joint resources and their common efforts. It means choosing the path to development which does not depend upon outsiders. (Julius Nyerere) As a sovereign and non-aligned state Zimbabwe has chosen to follow an independ- ent foreign policy. Zimbabwe will not subject its sovereignty to that of any other state but will remain its own master, fully capable of determining its own destiny. (Robert Mugabe) We are struggling for the independence of our land, for the independence of our people. The first condition for this is that our Party and its leadership should be independent in its way of tackling questions and of answering them, and in its action inside or outside our land. (Amilcar Cabral, Unity and Struggle) THE LEADING ROLE OF THE MOST OPPRESSED The imperialists make every effort to estrange the working class of the metropolitan countries from the peoples of the colonies. They manoeuvre to poison the working class with the stinking ideas of racism and national chauvinism and to disorganise the militant ranks of the working class from within by bribing the labour aristocrats with a portion of the superprofits they have raked in from the colonies. ... Capitalists are very cunning. They leave no stone unturned to maintain their position. They rear labour aristocrats among the working class and put them up to disorganise the ranks of the working-class movement. (Kim Il Sung) We recognize and appreciate the decades of hard, sometimes dangerous work done in the name of revolution by the older socialist parties. ... It is our sincere wish to operate in complete harmony with these older groups. But we must create new impetus and greater intellectual and physical energy if the forces of reaction are not to win another extended reprieve. A joint effort will make the task of overwhelming our common enemy all the simpler. But if our present differences cannot be reconciled by an honest and fearless search for the correct way, then we will be forced to take the foundation of correct ideals and theory into our own hands and build a positive and more practical superstructure applicable to the circumstances surrounding our lives. ... In other words, the old guard must not fail to understand that circumstances change in time and space, that there can be nothing dogmatic about revolutionary theory. It is to be born out of each popular struggle. (George Jackson, Blood in My Eye) 6

One essential fact runs through this brief historical survey. That is that the most militant, the most successful, the most insurrectionary struggles that have been waged in this island have been led by the most oppressed, the people of no property ... To understand this in its proper context it is necessary to thoroughly grasp that the British state rests on national oppression even more than on class exploitation ... Therefore when we talk of the most oppressed, we mean above all those workers who have national as well as class contradictions with the British state. (Keith Anderson, There is a Way Forward - let us take it) WAITING WITH FOLDED ARMS FOR ALL CONDITIONS TO RIPEN IS TANTAMOUNT TO REFUSING TO MAKE A REVOLUTION The revolution can be pushed forward only by the active struggle of the revolu- tionaries and the popular masses. Fundamentally speaking, a revolution does not always break out when all the necessary conditions exist, nor is it carried out always in favourable circumstances. Waiting with folded arms for all conditions to ripen is tantamount to refusing to make a revolution. (OJI 34) In all political struggles there come rare moments, hard to distinguish but fatal to let slip, when all must be set upon a hazard, and out of the simple man is ordained strength. (Kwame Nkrumah) REVOLUTIONARY WARFARE The best way to preserve national independence and peace and win the revolu- tionary cause is to counter the imperialist war of aggression with the war of liberation, answer the counter-revolutionary violence of reaction with revolu- tionary violence, and always meet the imperialist moves of aggression and war in full preparedness. (OJI 50) The people's armed struggle, the highest form of political action, is a revo- lutionary catalyst in the neocolonialist situation. (Kwame Nkrumah) The war for control of the U.S.A. is unique in that its heartbeat can be stopped only by placing our primary forces in the valleys and defiles of its city streets. ... Urban people's guerilla warfare may prove to be an even more effective tool than the classical type. The same advantages are present, the same possibilities, plus some that exist simply because the fight is taking place within the cities, the nerve centers of the nation. ... The cities of fascist U.S.A. - built straight up and with very little real planning or pattern, the twisting side streets, gangways connecting roofs, man- holes, storm drains, concrete and steel trees - will hide a guerilla army just as effectively as any forest. (George Jackson, Blood in My Eye) INTERNATIONALISM Chajusong of a party and a state is expressed, after all, in foreign relations. To exercise complete sovereignty and equality in foreign relations is fundamental in ensuring political Chajusong. Sovereignty is an inviolable right of all parties, all countries, and all peoples. There are big and small parties, big and small 7

countries, and economically developed and underdeveloped peoples in the world, but all parties, all countries and peoples are equal and independent. No one should encroach upon the sovereignty of others and no one should tolerate encroachment on one's sovereignty. Chajusong is not in conflict with internationalism but is the basis of its strengthening. Just as the world revolution is inconceivable without the revo- lution in one's own country, internationalism divorced from Chajusong cannot exist. As a matter of principle, internationalist solidarity must be based on freedom of choice and equality. Only when it is founded on Chajusong will internationalist solidarity become based on free choice and equality and become genuine and durable. (OJI 43-44) The African revolutionary struggle is not an isolated one. It not only forms part of the world socialist revolution, but must be seen in the context of Black Revolution as a whole. In the U.S.A., the Caribbean, and wherever Africans are oppressed, liberation struggles are being fought. In these areas, the Black man is in a condition of domestic colonialism, and suffers both on the grounds of class and colour. (Kwame Nkrumah) The dialectical strengthening that occurs between the movement of liberation of the colonized peoples and the emancipatory struggle of the exploited working classes of the imperialist countries is sometimes neglected and indeed forgotten. ... It is in the national struggle against the oppressor that colonized peoples have discovered, concretely, the solidarity of the colonialist bloc and the necessary interdependence of the liberation movements. ... It is essential that the oppressed peoples join up with the peoples who are already sovereign if a humanism that can be considered valid is to be built to the dimensions of the universe. ... When we Africans say that we are neutral on the relations between East and West, we mean that for the time being the only question that concerns us is our fight against colonialism. This means that we are absolutely not neutral in respect to genocide being carried out by France in Algeria, or to apartheid in South Africa. The African peoples are concretely involved in a total struggle against coloni- alism, and we Algerians do not dissociate the combat we are waging from that of the Rhodesians or the Kenyans. (Frantz Fanon, Towards the African Revolution) One can't really be a true revolutionary without being cognizant of the need to link up with forces all over the world battling with imperialism. (Angela Davis, If They Come in the Morning) 8

4. Seminar papers. Participants who wish to discuss their Seminar papers with us in advance should please now contact us as a matter of some urgency as time is getting short. We appeal to absolutely all participants to prepare some contribution, no matter how short. 5. Accommodation in London. While once again apologising for making such a request through the impersonal medium of this circular, we appeal to participants to help us find another three or four accommodation places for participants from outside London. Can you or your organisation please help out with this urgent matter? If you can put someone up please phone us stright away; we shall be tremendously grateful.. 6. Song of General Kim Il Sung. We hope all participants will be able to sing at least some lines of this song by the end of the Seminar and Reception. For those who are prepared to do a little advance rehearsal, here is the music: mf 1. 장 백산 슬 기 줄기 피 어 사 jang baek-san jul gi jul gi pi ô rin ja ug 압 록 강 구 비 구 비 피 어 린 사 ug am nok gang gu bi gu bi pi ô rin ja mp ug 오 늘 도 사 유 소 선 나발 우에 ug o nûl do ja yu jo son got da bal u e f mp 력 력히 비쳐주는 거룩한자욱 아 아 그이름 ryöng ryoki bi chyo ju nûngô rukan ja ug a a gû i rûm 도 리운 우 리 의 장 군 아-- do gû ri un u ri e jang gun a 아 그이 름 도 빛나는 김 일 성 장 군 a gû i rûm do bitna nûn Kim Il Sung jang gun 1. Marks of blood on every ridge of the Changbaek, Marks of blood on every reach of the Amnok. Still now over the blooming free Korea Those sacred marks shed brilliant rays. O dear is the name, our beloved General! O glorious is the name, General Kim Il Sung! 7. A historic occasion? Every participant can help to contribute to the success of the Seminar, either by ensuring they have prepared a paper in advance, or by participating in discussions or in any other way. This is the first occasion of its kind in this country. Let us work together to make it a truly historic occasion.

Swiss Cottage library HOUSE HAMPSTEAD Hampstead Ponds PARLIAMENT HILL Parliament Hill Sch Lido Hampstead Heath Gospel Oak Sch ROAD ROAD SOUTH CRO HAMPSTEAD HIGH STREET ROSSLYN POND ST FLEET ROAD Sch ROYAL FREE HOSPITAL 518 GOSPEL OAK ESTATE Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch 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